Hamlet Act 3 †the Dumb Show Free Essays

The Dumb Show As Claudius requests the ‘light’, he needs real light. The light additionally implies the demonstration of requesting pardoning. Individuals who are of a similar position or are alright with one another address each other is experts. We will compose a custom paper test on Hamlet Act 3 †the Dumb Show or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Hamlet addressing the players, he talks down to them in refrain. For the play inside a play, Shakespeare utilizes rhymed stanza to raise the language. This was done in light of the fact that Claudius was of a higher status and this raises the seriousness of the wrongdoing. Hamlet is utilizing the language to recognize the’ criminals’, through the language. Clear stanza †an official event or addressing somebody more established (like verse), like Hamlet and his Mother. Hamlet discloses to Horatio that he respects his feeling of reliability, character and earnestness. In the Excerpt: Identify 3 representations, how the subject of appearance versus the truth is uncovered In what ways is Horatio like villa? In what ways would he say he is a foil? Is Horatio disposable in the plays plot advancement? Is act 3 the peak? No, I do accept this was the peak. I accept I Is it clear that demonstration 3 may be the peak of this play? This is on the grounds that now we find who Hamlet genuinely was. He isn't the perfect saint we really see him to be. His homicide of Polonius was equivalent to the homicide of King Hamlet. In the two cases, there are youngsters who lost their lives. Despite the fact that Claudius’s murder was pre-pondered, murder is still homicide. Despite the fact that Hamlet did this without arranging, the way that he had the option to end a real existence so suddenly shows that he isn't fundamentally the ‘hero’ inside the play. Chronological error †When something doesn’t fit the setting of the play. For instance Hamlet’s school didn’t exist in the time in which Shakespeare composed the play. The repetitive theme is son’s avenging their dads. (Old Norway and Young Hamlet) Now Hamlet murders Polonius who has a child. Laertes After getting proof that Claudius is really coerce, he feels that he would now be able to execute Claudius. That is the reason he slaughters Polonius without affirming why it was. (Found that it was Claudius covering up) Instructions to refer to Hamlet Act 3 †the Dumb Show, Essay models

Competition Act Case Essay Example for Free

Rivalry Act Case Essay In a telling judgment, the Supreme Court of India, on Sep. 9, 2010, has successfully and reasonably outlined the limits of activity of intensity by both the Competition Commission of India (CCI/Commission) and the Competition Appellate Tribunal (â€Å"the Tribunal†) while conveying its decision in the much anticipated case Competition Commission of India v. Steel Authority of India Ltd. This Note catches the features of the choice for perusers of this Blog! Foundation: The Court was hearing an intrigue by the CCI against the request dated Feb. 15, 2010 of the Tribunal in Steel Authority of India Ltd. v. Jindal Steel Power Ltd. Jindal Steel had documented an objection before CCI charging hostile to serious practices and oppressive conduct by SAIL while it went into a selective gracefully concurrence with Indian Railways. Endless supply of the grievance/data, CCI gave notice to SAIL to outfit certain data for inside about fourteen days from the date of receipt of such notification. SAIL mentioned for an expansion of time upto a month and a half to document the necessary data. CCI in its distributing pondered on the solicitation and chose not to concede any further expansion. In the said gathering CCI likewise shaped an at first sight assessment on the presence of the case and coordinated the Director General (DG) to ask into the issue according to its forces under Section 26(1) of the Competition Act, 2002 (â€Å"the Act†). SAIL tested this heading before the Tribunal guaranteeing that CCI couldn't have shaped a by all appearances supposition without hearing it first. SAIL additionally fought that CCI has not recorded any reasons while shaping the by all appearances conclusion and that the time gave by CCI to document data was terribly insufficient. While recording the intrigue before Tribunal, SAIL didn't implead CCI as a gathering. CCI along these lines documented an application before Tribunal for impleading itself as an important and legitimate gathering and furthermore attacked the very viability of request. The Tribunal, in its point by point request, holding that even the course to ask was appealable under Section 53A(1) of the Act noticed that CCI couldn't have guided the DG to ask into the protest without having heard SAIL. It further noticed that CCI was neither an essential nor an appropriate gathering in offers recorded by a bothered gathering before the Tribunal. The Tribunal likewise noticed that CCI didn't record any reasons while declining to allow augmentation of time and thus it infringing upon standards of characteristic equity. Offer under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court: Abused by the request for the Tribunal, CCI moved toward the Supreme Court which encircled six expansive issues taking note of a portion of the associated issues raised by the gatherings: (I) Whether the heading passed by the Commission u/s. 26(1) of the Act while framing at first sight supposition would be appealable u/s/53A(1) of the Act? (ii) What is the extent of the force vested with Commision u/s. 26(10 of the Act and whether gatherings including the source and other influenced parties are qualified for notice at the phase of development of by all appearances sentiment? (iii) Whether the Commission would be essential or if nothing else a legitimate part in procedures before the Tribunal? (iv) At what stage and in what way the Commission can practice its forces u/s. 33 of the Act while passing between time orders? (v) Whether it is compulsory for the Commission to record reasons while framing by all appearances sentiment? (vi) What bearings, assuming any, should be given by the Court for guaranteeing appropriate consistence of the procedural prerequisites while remembering the plan and object of the Act? The Verdict: Issue 1: The Court made a thorough investigation of the plan and the arrangements of the Act and rules of legal translation, noticed the qualification among â€Å"and† and â€Å"or†, alluded to Indian, UK and European choices to uncover settled standards of law lastly reasoned that Section 53A(1) of the Act explicitly accommodates what choices or requests or bearings might be claimed before Tribunal. The Court noticed that option to offer is a meaningful right which gets its authenticity from the activity of law or resolution. On the off chance that the Statute doesn't accommodate an intrigue, the Court can't assume such right. The heading to cause an examination concerning an issue is passed under Section 26(1) of the Act doesn't decide any privilege or commitment of the gatherings to the lis. It doesn't discover notice in Section 53A(1) of the Act and consequently, the Court found that such requests would not be appealable under the Act. Issue 2 and 5: The Court noticed that the avoidance of standards of common equity (PNJ) is a notable idea and the governing body has the fitness to order such laws. Regardless of whether the avoidance of use of PNJ would vitiate the whole procedures would rely on the nature and realities of each case in the light of the Act or Rules and Regulation appropriate to the case. The Court, at that point, read into different arrangements of the Act and the Competition Commission of India (General) Regulations, 2009 so as to decide the idea of elements of the Commission under different arrangements. The Court found that at its substance, the activity of intensity u/s. 26(1) of the Act while framing at first sight assessment is inquisitorial and administrative. It held that while framing by all appearances assessment, the Commission doesn't censure anybody. This capacity isn't adjudicatory in nature however just authoritative. This capacity is in the idea of preliminary measures rather than the dynamic procedure and consequently right of notice of hearing isn't considered u/s. 26(1) of the Act. On the issue of motivations to be recorded at the phase of framing by all appearances feeling, the Court held that the Commission should communicate its brain explicitly that it is of the view that at first sight case exists. Such feeling ought to be framed based on the records, including the data outfitted and reference made to the Commission. The reasons may not be in detail however there must be least reasons proving the perspective on the Commission. Issue 3: The Court emphasized the settled situation of law relating important gathering and legitimate gathering. An important gathering is one without whom no structure can be made viably though an appropriate gathering is one in whose nonattendance a compelling request can be made yet whose nearness is fundamental for a total and official conclusion on the inquiry associated with the procedure. Applying the standard of dominus litus, the Court at that point noticed that in situations where the Commission starts a procedures suo moto it will be the best possible gathering. In every other continuing, it will be an essential gathering. Issue 4: On forces of the Commission u/s. 33, the Court noted in following terms: â€Å"During a request and where the Commission is fulfilled that the demonstration is in contradiction of the arrangements expressed in Section 33 of the Act, it might give a request incidentally controlling the gathering from continuing such act, until the finish of such request or until further requests without pulling out to such gathering, where it considers it important. This force must be practiced by the Commission sparingly and under convincing and remarkable conditions. The Commission, while recording a contemplated request entomb alia ought to : (a) record its fulfillment (which must be of a lot higher degree than arrangement of an at first sight see under Section 26(1) of the Act) in clear terms that a demonstration in contradiction of the expressed arrangements has been submitted and keeps on being submitted or is going to be submitted; (b) It is important to give request of restriction and (c) from the record before the Commission, it is evident that there is each probability of the gathering to the lis, enduring hopeless and lost harm or there is unequivocal misgiving that it would have unfriendly impact on rivalry in the market.† Issue 6: One of the significant results of the case identifies with the Court’s acknowledgment and confirmation of the speedy removal of grievances documented before the Commission. The Court saw this as a fit case to give certain rules in the bigger enthusiasm of the equity organization. These bearings gauge uncommon worth in the light of the reality the Commission, considerably after over one year of the authorization of the employable arrangements of the Act, has not given its request in a solitary quarrelsome case. The Court passed following rules: (an) Even however the timeframe for framing at first sight feeling by the Commission is given in the Regulations (for example 60 days from the date of documenting data) it is relied upon of the Commission to hold its gatherings and record its assessment about presence or in any case of an at first sight case inside a period a lot shorter than the expressed period. (b) All procedures including examination and request by the Commission/DG must be finished speedily while making sure about the destinations of the Act. (c) Wherever over the span of request the Commission practices its ward to pass break orders, it should pass a last request for that benefit as speedily as could be expected under the circumstances and regardless not later than 60 days. (d) The reports by the Director General u/s. 26(2) ought to be submitted inside the time as coordinated by the Commission however in all cases not later than 45 days from the date of going of bearings as far as Section 26(1) of the Act. (e) The Commission/DG will keep up total secrecy as imagined u/s. 57 of the Act and Regulation 35 of the Regulations. Any place the ‘confidentiality’ is penetrated, the distressed party absolutely has the option to move toward the Commission for issuance of proper bearings as far as the arrangements of the Act and the Regulations in power. Figuring out the real story: The decision of the Apex Court bears colossal centrality given the planning of and issues engaged with the judgment. It might be noticed that both â€Å"competition law and policyâ?

What Are the Risks of Quitting Cold Turkey

What Are the Risks of Quitting Cold Turkey Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print The Risks of Quitting Cold Turkey By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 02, 2019 Dominic Cox / EyeEm/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Quitting substance use  suddenly and abruptly, or cold turkey, carries very significant risks if the drug you are discontinuing is alcohol, a benzodiazepine or an opiate. It is also not advisable if you have been using any drug in large amounts and/or for a long time, because what you have been using may contain one of the high-risk drugs mentioned, or because you may suffer from extreme withdrawal symptoms. The Appeal of Quitting Cold Turkey For many addicts, quitting cold turkey is more appealing because it can be easier to avoid the drug entirely than to use moderately when your usual mode is to take the drug in an unrestrained manner. Many feel that they can more easily separate themselves from the world of drug use if they do so completely, avoiding all of the people, places and other reminders of the drug and starting afresh. Risks Quitting can be dangerous to do on your own because of the way the nervous system adapts to certain high dependency drugs. Abruptly taking these drugs out of your system can cause a variety of serious and potentially life-threatening medical conditions, including seizures and heart problems.?? Even drugs that have less pronounced physical dependence, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and nicotine, can produce severe and unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that can make life uncomfortable and emotionally difficult.?? One danger of quitting cold turkey is that your body will quickly lose tolerance to alcohol or drugs, so if you relapse and then take your usual amount of the drug, you have a higher risk of overdose. How to Cope With Drug Withdrawal Medical Supervision for Drug Abstinence Is Safest This does not mean you cant become abstinent, but especially if you are quitting alcohol, a benzodiazepine or an opiate, you should quit under the management of a physician, who can give you medication to lessen the effects of withdrawal. Doctors affiliated with the American Board of Addiction Medicine have special training in addiction medicine  and are particularly helpful in managing withdrawal safely. In many cases, a brief time in detox can be the safest option so that medical staff is on hand in case of a medical emergency. The staff can also help with providing nutrition, hydration, and medications intravenously if you are suffering from significant nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea during your withdrawal.?? However, many people are able to detox safely at home or in the community while meeting regularly with their doctor or health professional to ensure they remain well throughout the process. Your doctor may prescribe you different medications depending on the drug you are withdrawing from. How to Feel Better During Withdrawal When to Call 911 If you or someone you know is showing signs of a heart attack or seizure while quitting cold turkey, call 911 immediately. Symptoms of a heart attack may include:?? Shortness of breathChest painPain or discomfort in the jaw, neck or backWeakness, lightheadedness or faintnessPain or discomfort in the arms or shoulderNauseaVomiting If you or someone you know is experiencing any concerning physical or neurological signs while quitting cold turkey, call 911 immediately.

Creative Writing Antony´s Grave Essay - 863 Words

A chill shivered down Hannah’s spine as she proceeded through the rusty old withered gates of the cemetery and walked towards Anthony’s grave. With the sun was tucked away behind the grey clouds and black sky that over hung over, it seemed to be that days like this were always darker than the rest. As the overgrown weeds brushed past her legs, Hannah shuffled up to Anthony’s grave and placed a bunch of red magnolias beneath his moss and lichen grown tombstone. While placing the flowers down, she stood with the look as though a terrible weight was piled onto her shoulders. Whispering â€Å"Happy Birthday Anthony† into the grey sky, a single drop of pain welled up from the corner of Hannah’s eyes before the lump in her though began to engulf her†¦show more content†¦As the wind began to howl and the trees began to violently sway, Hannah and her mum stood with their hands in fists, looking directly in each other’s eyes. While the wind b ecame stronger and the leaves began to twirl around in circles, Hannah broke the silence with a sea of rage. â€Å"Being a donor baby isn’t exactly easy; especially with a mother like you. You’ve always been too wrapped up in your own life to even care how I feel, especially ever since you found out that I couldn’t help Anthony. I was no coincidence; I was engineered to be spare parts for Anthony†, Hannah yelled over the howling screams of the wind. As she turned her back to her mum and began to storm off, Hannah took one last glance at her mum and said, â€Å"From the day I was born I’ve always been treated more like an object than like your daughter†. *** Since arriving home from the cemetery, Hannah had not spoken a word to her parents; instead she sat blankly staring at her roof, while her thoughts and feelings filled the space around her. Fixed in a daydream, Hannah sat up from her bed as she became startled from the creek of the opening of her door. As the door opened, a dark figure stood in the middle of the doorway, while the light from the rest of the house consumed every wall of her room. Shadows began to move from wall to wall as Hannah’s mum made her way over to Hannah’s bed. Seeing her mum standing at the end of her bed, Hannah let out a loud sigh as rolled over into her pillow. â€Å"I don’tShow MoreRelatedLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 Pagesthe English language had been widely used outside England. In the 21st century, only a small percentage of the worlds native English speakers live in England, and there is also a vast population of non-native speakers of English who are capable of writing poetry in the language. A number of major national poetries, including the American, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and Indian poetry have emerged and developed. Since the establishment of the Irish Republic in 1922, only poets from Northern IrelandRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This

Teaching Personal Philosophy and Tools Essay - 1187 Words

Teaching is a lifelong learning process. It involves the learning of new strategies, philosophies, and methods. I can learn from colleagues, parents, classes, and from the students themselves. I want my students to take responsibility for their learning. I want to give them the tools to help become successful in their life. I think it is my responsibility to provide an educational environment that is encouraging and positive. As I reexamine my philosophy my belief that each child is a unique individual is strengthened. I have come to realize, and research supports, just how important a safe, caring, stimulating, and motivating environment is to a child’s learning. This environment is one in which a child can grow†¦show more content†¦Education should enable an individual to discover his or her talents and how he or she can contribute to the community. Education should teach us to think. It should equip us with the power to make effective decisions. In the Conceptual Frame work it states one of the four main goals is Problem solving for Progress. Through problem solving students are able to test what they know and what they need to find out to solve a problem. It is through the acts of problem solving teachers and their students’ progress in their learning and in their thinking skills. I must be sure to include problem solving activities in my classroom. I want my stude nts to make connections with the material I teach and how it applies to their lives. As an educator it is myresponsibility to provide opportunities for my students to discover and practice skills. I believe children learn from doing. Providing students access to hands-on activities and allowing time and space to use materials reinforce the skills/material. Students should be given the time and opportunity to practice and solve problems through groups and individual activities. Technology in the classroom has steadily grown over the past few years. I feel it has become an essential part of the classroom today. The use of technology and the information it can provide is available and I need to implement it in my lessons. Technology opens up a new and exciting avenue for teachers to use. I realize,Show MoreRelatedEssay Theoretical Stance on Learning and Teaching Mathematics1495 Words   |  6 PagesStance for the Teaching of Mathematics – As a pre-service teacher, my philosophy of teaching Mathematics is based on a constructivist, student-centred approach. I have learned, through my practicum experiences, as well as Mathematics Education courses, which advocate this approach, that it is the most effective way to teach Mathematics. This essay will explicitly describe my philosophy, as well as explain and justify the specific teaching and learning strategies related to this philosophy, supportedRead MoreEducational Philosophy Reflection1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof education that I experience until I graduated high school. When I decided to go into teaching it was an easy decision for me to want to not provide this type of experience to my students. Early in the education program, Bud Stefanski posed us the question about our educational philosophy in the Foundations of Education class. When answering that question, I was 100% progressivism in my education philosophy students should only learn through hands-on experi ences and not be forced to sit at a deskRead More Educational Philosophies Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Philosophies Many different ideas of the correct educational philosophy exist. Highly acclaimed psychologists and educators developed these varying philosophies. Each of these philosophies have their strengths and weaknesses and have their positives and negatives in different situations. It is our job as educators to sift through this list of philosophies to find our own style and philosophy. We must research the pros and cons of each philosophy and pick and choose which sectionsRead MorePhilosophy: Education and Children759 Words   |  4 PagesBeliefs about teaching and learning Being an educator means that you are someone who cares and wants to see children be successful in your class and in their futures. The reason I want to become an educator is to make a difference in a childs life. I have worked with children for over seven years and everyday I spend with a child I learn someone new, about them and about myself. I want to give back to the community in which I was raised. I want to show them that they have helped make me becomeRead MoreA Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesA Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction â€Å"Being reflective involves thinking about what one is doing, and why, before, during, and after the act of doing it (Sweitzer, 2003 p.264). I believe self-knowledge of the professor is critical for meaningful learning to occur. Self-knowledge through reflection allows the professor to embrace teaching through the eyes of a scholar; thus providing a diverse learning environment supporting engagement and motivation of the learner. This paper describesRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesMy Education Philosophy Developing a personal education philosophy is a process that may never end, but I believe that I am in the midst of creating one based on my own experiences and the lessons I am receiving in college. After examining the various education philosophies outlined in the â€Å"Teachers, Schools Society† textbook by Myra Pollack Sadker and David Miller Sadker, I have decided that my present philosophy is an eclectic combination of Essentialism andRead MoreTeaching Philosophy and Rationale1001 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1: Teaching Philosophy and Rationale In designing a teaching philosophy and rationale, it is important to recognise at the outset that students or learners have different abilities, needs, cultural backgrounds and learning styles. Positive attitudes are sustained when classroom approaches centre on learning and not on teaching. For them to acquire knowledge and skills, they like to be engaged and encouraged where they partake in the processes of their learning despite their cultural diversitiesRead MoreThe Role Of A Teaching Philosophy Statement1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of a Teaching Philosophy Statement (TPS) Personal development is one aspect of gaining new information to enhance skills, abilities and overall knowledge. The development of a TPS, is a personal analysis of general concepts of teaching, learning, observations and experiences, transferred into the learning environment (Caukin, 2017). Consequently, the statement is intimate, insightful, with an inclusion of personal views of the aspects of teaching, foundation of learning, in addition toRead MoreReflection Of My Own Personal Development1637 Words   |  7 Pages2006). Research in this field has advocated reflective practice as an approach to professional development which positively impacts coaching effectiveness (Cropley, et al., 2012). This reflective report shall discuss, analyse and evaluate my own personal development throughout my first semester spent studying at UCFB, in order to develop new understanding and intrapersonal appreciation, and help explore my decisions and experiences, increasing understanding of self- management (Knowles, et al., 2006)Read MoreMy Teaching Philosophy Of Education1486 Words   |  6 PagesMy teaching philosophy of education is being able to recognise that all children learn in different and unique ways. I believe that all students should have a safe learning environment which enables them to grow physically, mentally, emotionally and socially. As a teacher, I aim to act as a guide for student learning and provide demonstrations and understanding to all students. More specifically as a physical education teacher, I aim to bring a positive and encouraging attitude to the students and

Gullah Free Essays

The recent rise in Black consciousness has created an extraordinary interest in the study of Black heritage and the preservation of Black culture in America. Many scholars and students are turning their attention to A frican-American cultural patterns, which have been long ignored and often scorned. Black people are realizing more and more that these patterns exemplify key features of their heritage and may offer not only clues into the past, but also provide guides to survival in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Gullah or any similar topic only for you Order Now As this interest gains momentum, African-Americans are looking toward the South, particularly to its rural and isolated islands where so many of the unique elements of contemporary Black culture have their roots. The culture of the Sea Islands is such a special case. The lack of contact with the mainland helped to preserve some of the important features of their African culture. Because the Africans that were brought to these islands were not sold and resold as often as those on the mainland, some of their ancestral family patterns remain even to this date. ——————————————————————————- A. Sea Islands Begin just north of Georgetown, South Carolina, and continue to the Florida border. It is estimated that there are approximately 1,000 islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia separated from the mainland by marshes, alluvial streams and rivers. 1. Some of the islands are bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and are as far as twenty miles or more from the mainland. 2. They range in size from the uninhabitable ones to John’s Island South Carolina, the second largest island in the United States.B. European settlement 1. The Sea Islands have formed the basis of a very profitable agriculture. 2. During slavery, the long staple cotton grown here was considered the best available anywhere and brought very favorable prices on the world market 3. The economy of the region was based almost entirely on slavery, and because of the labor intensity of the crops, very large plantations developed in this area. a. Some Whites owned entire islands containing thousands of acres of land and maintained hundreds of slaves to till the soil. C. Isolation 1.The isolation of the islands and the large numbers of slaves meant that the influence of American White culture upon African and slave culture was minimal. 2. To further enhance the development of a unique Black culture, there was the continual importation of slaves directly from Africa. a. The overwhelming number of slaves entering South Carolina during the 18th century came directly from Africa. b. The isolation of the islands made them a prime location for slave traders to land illegal cargoes of Africans after the Slave Trade Act of 1808. c. Africans were imported into the islands as late as 1858.D. Cultural formations 1. There was a geographical, social and cultural basis for the retention of many elements of African culture in the Sea Islands and the development of a distinctive African-American culture. 2. The word â€Å"Gullah† was once defined as the way of speaking of Blacks on the Sea Islands. In recent years, Gullah has come to mean not only the speech of Black islanders but also their culture and way of life. a. Food- traditional seafood and rice dishes â€Å"Hoppin John† and â€Å"Frogmore Stew† b. Arts-basket weaving, donning fishnets, pottery, and quilting. . The first American cowboys were the Blacks in the Carolina low country (Sea Islands). d. Contributions to American music are also evident. e. Tradition of fishing passed from one generation to another. f. During the slave period many of the customs the people developed clearly reflected African culture and post-bellum conditions enhanced their retention. Basket weaving is one of the dominant crafts of the region, and one of the oldest crafts of African origin in theUnited States. Crabbing and fishing are a very important part of the Sea Island culture.Sea Island children are intimately familiar with the ocean and learn the art of casting and netting as early as the age of three. E. Development of survival patterns 1. Philosophy and utilization of time. Older Blacks have a different relationship to time than many younger and â€Å"up to date† Blacks. 2. Environment coping a. Dealing with atmospheric changes F. Psychological and sociological issues. 1. Many Sea Island Blacks may have different self perceptions and attitudes as compared to Blacks raised in other areas. 2. The Sea Island Blacks frequently owned their land since the years before Reconstruction.Many of them do not know what it means to pay rent or a mortgage and to some the very concepts are meaningless. 3. The fact that the people were very isolated from mainstream culture, they could only survive by developing a posture of self-sufficiency and independence. 4. Many elderly Sea Island Blacks had very limited interaction with Whites. 5. Black activism of Sea Island Blacks a. Some of the earliest support for the civil rights movement came out of the Sea Island and Martin Luther King developed some of his major campaigns during retreats to the area. . Local independence and activism has its roots in the Reconstructionist Era and the Black majority in the area. c. A large portion of the elderly Sea Islanders registered to vote before 1910. G. Uniqueness of Sea Islands 1. They are home of a West African people called Gullah. They were captured from this area because the Europeans needed technology and labor to build their empires and America. The Gullah captives possessed skills (technology) in agriculture, science, animal farming, construction, navigation, government, and teaching. 2. The knowledge and need for farming and building in the Sea Islands required specialized skills that were found in abundance in West Africa 3. The isolation of the Gullah from mainland whites and other Africans allowed the Gullah to maintain a high degree of African culture. Also, the high concentration of Africans allowed a Gullah community to form an Afrocentric cultural entity within a European American cultural context. H. Gullah Dialect 1. The Gullah â€Å"accent† is much more than just an accent on the English language. Gullah, as a language, uses distinct African language patterns, and conceptual meanings. In other words, the Gullah language is uniquely African, with English words added to it. 2. One study says that the origin of the term Gullah and the Blacks came from the West Coast of Africa, but exactly where has not been agreed upon. a. One is that Gullah is a shortened form of Angola, the name of an African West Coast district lying south of the Equator and the mouth of the Congo River. b. A second suggestion is that Gullah comes from the name of the Liberian group of tribes known as Golas living on the West Coast between Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast. . Gullah has been called the most African of any of our Black dialects, yet it can be traced back in practically every detail to English dialect speech. There has been an interchange of cultural values between the Black and White communities who have lived and worked together on the Sea Islands from the first days of settlement. The dialect was nourished in isolation and has survived with little change because of the continued isolation of its native area. The Parable of the Lost Sheep, Luke 15:2-3 King James VersionAnd the Pharisees and scribes murmured saying, this man receiveth sinners and eateth with the them. And he spake this parable unto them, saying What man of you, having an hundred sheep, if he lose one of them, doth not leave the ninety and nine in the wilderness and go after that which is lost, until hefind it? Gullah Version En de Pharisee en de law teesha dem saat ta mek cumplain,say â€Å"Dis man sociate widsinna en ebn eat mong am. Now den Jesus done know dem binna nek cumplain bout am. So e tell am one parryubble, say â€Å"Supposin a hondad sheep blonks ta one a oona.Ef one a dem sheep done loss een de wood wa you fa do? Sho nuf, you gwain lef de ninety-nine oddares safe een de pasta. You gwain saach fa de one wa loss tel you fin am eni? † I. Sea Islands Today 1. Today, an estimated 270,00 people along the Georgia, Carolina, and northeastern Florida coasts speak of Gullah. The dialect survived primarily among rural Blacks who largely depended on farming and fishing. Many of these people are now moving into jobs in the various resort industries, which are springing up on the islands, thus ending their isolation. Nonetheless, Gullah has a way of surviving even in small clusters in New York City where its speakers are often mistaken for Barbadians. 2. Because many corporations are now building their resorts on the islands and the United States Marine Corps has established a training base on Paris Island, many sociologists theorize the Gullah culture will soon die out. Nonetheless, although the pressures on the Gullah culture to disintegrate and assimilate are great, there are a number of people who are making valiant attempts to maintain, and preserve this treasured culture. How to cite Gullah, Papers

Accounting Characteristics Pricing Models -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Accounting Characteristics Pricing Models? Answer: Introduction Financial analysis is a process of measuring viability and profitability of a business or a business project. It includes the analysis of the financial statements of the company, which are prepared at the end of fiscal year. It helps in assessing the liquidity, efficiency, profitability of its business and shows its overall finance structure (Vogel, 2014).This report contains a critical examination of the financial performance and position of Salesforce over the past three years and its comparison with its competitor company named as Cisco Systems. Both the companies are in the list of Worlds best workplace 2017, according to Great Place to Work Institute. The evaluation is done to know about how the company is performing in financial aspects and what it is contributing to the overall development of the country (Lee, Lee Lee, 2009). Salesforce is an American cloud computing company having its headquarters in San Francisco, California. Most of its revenue comes from Customer Relationship Management (CRM) product and is considered to be the worlds first CRM platform. Salesforce topped the list of best workplaces 2017 generated by the Great Place to Work Institute. The company sells products like sales cloud, Salesforce CPQ, service cloud, commerce cloud and many other commercial applications of social networking. It is listed on New York Stock Exchange with a symbol of CRM and is a component of SP 500 Index ("Salesforce", 2018). Cisco systems, Inc. is a multinational technology company operating in America. The headquarters of the company are situated in San Jose, California. Cisco deals in manufacturing and selling of networking hardware, telecommunications equipment and other products and services of high psychology. It ranked 19th on the list of best workplaces, according to Great Place to Work Institute. The company is one of the competitor of Salesforce and its people and products helps in connecting the society securely and seizing tomorrows opportunity today ("Cisco - Global Home Page", 2018). Financial data Consolidated income statement for past three years Particulars 2015 2016 2017 US$ US$ US$ Sales 5,373,586 6,667,216 8,391,984 Cost of Sales 1,289,270 1,654,548 2,234,039 Gross Profit 4,084,316 5,012,668 6,157,945 Operating Expenses 4,229,949 4,897,745 6,093,717 Income/loss from operations -145,633 114,923 64,228 Investment income 10,038 15,341 27,374 Interest Income -73,237 -72,485 -88,988 Other Income -19,878 -15,292 9,072 Gain on sales of land and building improvements 15,625 21,792 0 Gains from acquisitions of strategic investments 0 0 13,697 Income before income tax -213,085 64,279 25,383 Benefit from income tax -49,603 -111,705 154,249 Net income/loss -262,688 -47,426 179,632 ("Salesforce", 2018). Earnings Per Share Basic - 0.42 - 0.07 0.26 Diluted - 0.42 - 0.07 0.26 Consolidated balance sheet Particulars 2015 2016 2017 US$ US$ US$ Assets Current Assets cash and cash equivalents 908,117 1,158,363 1,606,549 Marketable securities 87,312 1,567,014 602,338 Accounts receivable 1,905,506 2,496,165 3,196,643 Deferred commissions 225,386 259,187 311,770 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 280,554 250,594 279,527 Land and Building improvements held for sale 143,197 Total current assets 3,550,072 5,731,323 5,996,827 Marketable securities, noncurrent 894,855 Property and Equipment, net 1,125,866 1,715,828 1,787,534 Deferred commissions, noncurrent 162,796 189,943 227,849 Capitalized software, net 433,398 123,065 141,671 Strategic investments 520,721 566,953 Goodwill 3,782,660 3,849,937 7,263,846 Intangible assets 490,006 1,113,374 Other assets 628,320 142,097 486,869 Restricted cash 115,015 Total assets 10,692,982 12,762,920 17,584,923 Liabilities and Stockholders' equity Current Liabilities Accounts payable 1,103,335 1,349,338 1,752,664 Deferred revenue 3,286,768 4,267,667 5,505,689 Total current liabilities 4,390,103 5,617,005 7,258,353 Deferred revenue, noncurrent 34,681 23,886 37,113 Convertible 0.25% senior notes, net 1,070,692 1,088,097 1,116,360 Term loan 0 0 497,221 Loan assumed on 50 Fremont 197,998 198,268 Revolving credit facility 300,000 0 196,542 Other noncurrent liabilities 922,323 833,065 780,939 Total liabilities 6,717,799 7,760,051 10,084,796 Stockholders' equity 3,975,183 5,002,869 7,500,127 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 10,692,982 12,762,920 17,584,923 ("Salesforce", 2018). Cisco Systems, Inc. Consolidated income statement for past three years Particulars 2015 2016 2017 US$ US$ US$ Sales 49,161 49,247 48,005 Cost of Sales 19,480 18,287 17,781 Gross Profit 29,681 30,960 30,224 Operating Expenses 18,911 18,300 18,251 Income/loss from operations 10,770 12,660 11,973 Interest expense -566 -676 -861 Interest Income 769 1,005 1,338 Other Income 228 -69 -163 Income before income tax 11,201 12,920 12,287 Provision for income taxes 2,220 2,181 2,678 Net income/loss 8,981 10,739 9,609 ("Annual Report", 2017). Earnings Per Share Basic 1.76 2.13 1.92 Diluted 1.75 2.11 1.90 Consolidated balance sheet Particulars 2015 2016 2017 US$ US$ US$ Assets Current Assets cash and cash equivalents 6,877 7,631 11,708 Investments 53,539 58,125 58,784 Accounts receivable 5,344 5,847 5,146 Inventories 1,627 1,217 1,616 Financing receivables, net 4,491 4,272 4,856 Other current assets 1,490 1,627 1,593 Total current assets 73,368 78,719 83,703 Financing receivables, net 3,858 4,158 4,738 Property and Equipment, net 3,332 3,506 3,322 Deferred tax assets 4,454 4,299 4,239 Goodwill 24,469 26,625 29,766 Intangible assets 2,376 2,501 2,539 Other assets 1,516 1,844 1,511 Total assets 113,373 121,652 129,818 Liabilities and Stockholders' equity Current Liabilities Short-term debt 3,897 4,160 7,992 Accounts payable 1,104 1,056 1,385 Income Tax payable 62 517 98 Accrued compensation 3,049 2,951 2,895 Deferred revenue 9,824 10,155 10,821 Other current liabilities 5,476 6,072 4,392 Total current liabilities 23,412 24,911 27,583 Income Tax payable 1,876 925 1,250 Deferred revenue, noncurrent 5,359 6,317 7,673 Long term debt 21,457 24,483 25,725 Other long term liabilities 1,562 1,431 1,450 Total liabilities 53,666 58,067 63,681 Stockholders' equity 59,707 63,585 66,137 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 113,373 121,652 129,818 ("Annual Report", 2017). Ratio analysis Ratio analysis is the most commonly used technique for doing the financial analysis of the companys final accounts. There are different type of ratios which are used to measure the liquidity, efficiency, profitability and the capital structure of the company. A comparative analysis of companys financial performance with the industry average or a trend analysis over the past years, can be done by calculating ratios (Fraser, Ormiston and Fraser, 2010). There are various ratios categorized as liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, activity ratios and capital gearing ratios. It is considered to be the most desirable method which includes evaluation of the financial performance by using current or historical financial data (Warren Jones, 2018). Comparing over the past 3 years These ratios indicates that how quickly a company can convert its assets into cash or liquid form. Calculation of these ratios is done to measure the liquidity of the company. They generally evaluate the companys ability to pay off its short-term obligations. There are two types of liquidity ratios (Zainudin and Hashim, 2016). Liquidity ratio Years 2015 2016 2017 Current ratio 0.81 1.02 0.83 Quick ratio 0.74 0.98 0.79 Current ratio: it is a type of liquidity ratio that determines companys capability of paying off its short-term debts with its current assets. It measures the relationship between firms current assets and current liabilities. Cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities are the current assets that company have, which can be easily converted into liquid form. The ideal current ratio is 2:1 and is calculated by dividing CA with CL (Saleem and Rehman, 2011). As per the calculations done, it can be said that the CR of Salesforce has increased in 2016 as compare to 2015 from 0.81 to 1.02, but the same has been reduced in 2017 to 0.83. The reason for this increase during 2015-2016 was a rise in the value of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. These assets can easily be converted into cash and can be used to pay the short term debt. In 2017, the ratio is reduced because a large portion of current assets was engaged in accounts receivables, which can or cannot be convertible into cash within one year. Moreover, the value of deferred commissions and prepaid expenses has also increased as compare to 2016. Overall, there was a slightest increase in total current assets as compare to the change in total current liabilities from 2016 to 2017. Quick Ratio: it is also known as acid test ratio. It measures companys potential to pay its current liabilities with its quick assets. Current assets like cash, marketable securities, cash equivalents and account receivables are considered to be quick assets as they can be easily converted into cash. The ideal ratio is 1:1 and is calculated by dividing QA with CL (Krantz Johnson, 2014). The same trend follows in case of Quick ratio. It has increased in 2016 and then decreased in 2017. The reasons for the fluctuations are same as of in case of current ratio. The quick ratio of Salesforce over the past 3 years remains less than the ideal ratio of 1:1. Having a ratio of 0.98 in 2016 means the company can pay off almost all of its liabilities with its quick assets. A ratio of 0.79 in 2017 implies that Salesforce can settle 80% of its current liabilities. Efficiency ratios These ratios indicates how efficiently, a company is utilizing its resources to set off its liabilities. The ratios indicates the potential of the company to use its assets and manage its liabilities in the most efficient and effective manner (Tracy, 2012). Following are the efficiency ratios: Efficiency ratio Years 2015 2016 2017 Receivable turnover ratio 2.11 2.05 Creditor turnover ratio 1.35 1.44 Assets turnover ratio 0.57 0.55 Receivable turnover ratio: it presents how efficiently a company can collects its account receivables. A high DTR shows that the debt collection of the company is effective and that it is collecting cash from its debtors timely (Jindal and Jain, 2017). The DTR of Salesforce has reduced from 2.11 to 2.05. This implies that company is not collecting its receivables efficiently and timely because of its slow paying debtors. Creditor turnover ratio: it analyse the ability of the company to pay off its creditors. A high CTR is considered to be more desirable as it implies that the firm is paying off its liabilities frequently and regularly (Barman and Sengupta, 2017). An increase was there in Salesforces CTR from 1.35 to 1.44 in year 2017. This indicates that company pay off to its creditors very often and have enough liquidity for making the payments, despite of having slow paying receivables. One of the reason for this rise can be an increase in the value of Cash and cash equivalents during the year. Asset turnover ratio: it shows how well a firm utilizes its assets to generate revenue. The efficiency is measured by comparing net revenue with average assets. A high ratio indicates better performance of the company (Kieso, et.al. 2012). Salesforce ATR is slightly reduced in 2017 from 0.55 to 0.57. It implies that the companys ability making revenue with its assets is reduced in 2017 as compare to that of in 2016. Reasons being increase in purchases of fixed assets and in the value of strategic investment. Moreover, overall increase in total assets is more than the overall increase in total revenue during 2016-2017. Profitability ratios One of the main motive of conducting ratio analysis is to measure the profitability of the company or in other word to have an idea about its potential to earn profits from its operations. These ratios give an overview of firms profits made during a financial year. Following are the profitability ratios (Camilleri and Camilleri, 2017). Profitability Ratios Years 2015 2016 2017 Operating Profit Margin - 0.03 0.02 0.01 Net Profit Margin - 0.05 - 0.01 0.02 Return on Equity - 0.07 - 0.01 0.02 Operating Profit ratio: it indicates companys systematic cost control and profit earning after meeting all its operating expenses. A high operating profit ratio is more desirable than the lower one (Jenter and Lewellen, 2015). Calculation of this ratio gives an idea that OPR of the company was negative in 2015 and during 2016-17, it reduces from 0.02 to 0.01. One reason for declining operating profits is increasing operating expenses throughout the year. The operating expenses of Salesforce were continuously increasing from 2015. Net Profit Ratio: it is the most commonly used profitability ratio that represents the relationship between net profit after tax and total revenue. It shows the percentage of profit earned by the company with its operations after meeting all the expense including operating expenses, interest expense, taxes and preference share dividend (Kartio, Mirza and Shaikh, 2017). During the year 2015 and 2016, the net profit margin of Salesforce was negative 0.05 and 0.01 respectively, reasons being company was making loss during these years because the revenue earned during these years was not sufficient enough to meet all the operating and non-operating expenses. The trend changes in 2017, where company earned a profit of $179,632 with a positive ratio of 2%. The gain from the strategic investments and positive value of other income are added to the value of operating income, making Salesforce capable to meet all its expenses with revenue earned and make profits. Return on Equity: this ratio shows the efficient use of shareholders investment, by the company in order to generate profits. A high ROE is favourable for the company. Looking at the calculation of ROE, it can be said that, during first two years the trend was negative and it got reversed in 2017 when company had a positive ROE of 2%. Clearly the net income earned in 2015-16 was negative, making the ROE negative. Having a positive ratio in 2017 indicates that the company has earned profits and is performing better. It will be now able to give positive return to its shareholders (Penman, Reggiani, Richardson and Tuna, 2017). Capital structure ratios The ratios which tells about the overall capital structure of the company are known as capital structure ratios. In other words, these ratios refer to the degree of long term financing of a business (Bragg, 2012). Capital structure ratio Years 2015 2016 2017 Debt- equity 1.69 1.55 1.34 Interest coverage ratio 1.99 - 1.59 - 0.72 Debt-equity ratio: it compare the total debt of a firm with its total equity. A high D/E ratio indicates that the company has raised funds more from creditors rather than investors (Levi and Segal, 2015). A constant decrease was there in the ratio over the past three years which means that the portion of debt is reduced to an extent and Salesforce is raising funds from its investors. Interest coverage ratio: it indicates the capability of the company regarding its interest payments. Creditors generally used this ratio to know about the risk taking factor of the business (Ferrarini, Hinojales and Scaramozzino, 2017). In year 2015, Salesforce had a coverage ratio of 1.99 that means it was paying its interest timely. But the trend changed in 2016-2017 and the company reported negative ICR. Reason was the lack of income to pay the required interest expense. Comparing with Cisco Corporation Liquidity ratio Years 2015 2016 2017 Current ratio 3.13 3.16 3.03 Quick ratio 3.06 3.11 2.98 The current ratio of Cisco is far better than Salesforce. It has increased during year 2015-2016 and in 2017, the ratio was 3.03 which slightly lower than that of 2016. This implies that company has enough current assets to meet its current liabilities. A large portion of its assets is in the form of cash and less amount is engaged in inventory. Cisco is much more capable in meeting its short term debt than Salesforce. Ciscos Quick ratio is also higher than Salesforce, although declined in 2017. The ratio is more than the ideal ratio of 1:1, reason being it has more liquid cash in proportion to its liabilities and also the company is capable of utilising its assets in making investments rather than holding them in inventories. Efficiency ratio Years 2015 2016 2017 Receivable turnover ratio 5.96 5.70 Creditor turnover ratio 16.93 14.57 Assets turnover ratio 0.42 0.38 The debtor turnover ratio of Cisco is much higher than that of Salesforce. It means it collects its debtors more efficiently and effectively. It can convert its receivables into cash faster than Salesforce as the debtors do not take long time to make the payments. Cisco has higher CTR because it has enough total revenue to pay off its creditors timely. Increase in its total revenue is much more in proportion to that of in its total creditors. From creditors point of view, a company who can pay them back regularly is much better than the one who make delays in payment. Asset turnover ratio of Cisco is lower than Salesforce which implies that the company is not good at generating revenue with its assets. Increase in purchase of fixed asset can be one of the reason for lower ATR. Profitability Ratios Years 2015 2016 2017 Operating Profit Margin 0.22 0.26 0.25 Net Profit Margin 0.18 0.22 0.20 Return on Equity 0.15 0.17 0.15 Cisco has positive OPR throughout the years as compare to Salesforce. It has high operating profit margin that shows its potential to make more profits with its operations. From investors point of view, it is better to invest in it as the company manages its ongoing operations so effectively and efficiently. It will be obvious that the NPR of Cisco will be more than Salesforce, because the company had not occurred any losses in the previous three years like Salesforce. It is able to maintain its profits very well. In comparison to Salesforce, return on equity of Cisco is higher and has also increased during 2015-2016. Looking at the profits earned, it can be said that the company is performing better and is providing high returns to its investors. Capital structure ratio Years 2015 2016 2017 Debt- equity 0.90 0.91 0.96 Interest coverage ratio 14.01 12.60 8.95 Cisco has low debt equity ratio as compare to Salesforce, which means the company is favourable to both creditors and investors. Having a low ratio indicates that most of the funds are raised through investors rather than creditors. There has been an increase in the stockholders equity of Cisco whereas accounts payables remains almost same over the past three years. The interest coverage ratio of Cisco has decreased during the years that is from 14.01% to 8.95% in 2017. This implies that companys ability of paying its interest expenses has reduced because of the increase in the interest expenditure over the periods and lack of funds. Though the ratio is more than the ratio of Salesforce. Conclusion As per the above analysis and interpretation, it can be said that the performance of Salesforce has improved in the year 2017. In the previous years, the company was occurring losses, but the trend changed in 2017 where it made a profit of $179,632. Though the company topped the list of best workplaces but, financially its performance was not promising in the past three years. Moreover, comparing it with Cisco systems, Inc., the latter company performed pretty well in its past years. Cisco is performing better than Salesforce at all grounds including profitability, efficiency and liquidity. References Annual Report. (2017).Cisco.com. Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/annual-report/2017-annual-report-full.PDF Barman, A.N. and Sengupta, P.P. (2017). DETERMINANTS OF PROFITABILITY IN INDIAN TELECOM INDUSTRY USING FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS.International Journal of Research in Management Social Science, p.25. Bragg, S. M. (2012). Business ratios and formulas: a comprehensive guide(Vol. 577). John Wiley Sons. Camilleri, E. and Camilleri, R. (2017).Accounting for Financial Instruments: A Guide to Valuation and Risk Management. Taylor Francis. Cisco - Global Home Page. (2018).Cisco. Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.cisco.com/ Ferrarini, B., Hinojales, M. and Scaramozzino, P. (2017). Leverage and Capital Structure Determinants of Chinese Listed Companies. Fraser, L.M., Ormiston, A. and Fraser, L.M. (2010).Understanding financial statements. Pearson. Higgins, R. C. (2012).Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Jenter, D. and Lewellen, K. (2015). CEO preferences and acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,70(6), pp.2813-2852. Jindal, D. And Jain, S., 2017. Effect of Receivables Management on Profitability: A Study of Commercial Vehicle Industry in India. Management,2(2), pp.246-255. Kartio, M.A., Mirza, A. and Shaikh, F. (2017). Impact of Global Financial Crisis on the Performance of Commercial Banks of PakistanA Case Study of MCB Bank Limited. Kieso, D. W., Weygandt, J. J., Kieso, D. E., Kimmel, P. D. (2012).Study Guide to Accompany Financial Accounting, 8e. John Wiley Sons. Krantz, M., Johnson, R. R. (2014).Investment Banking for Dummies. John Wiley Sons. Lee, A. C., Lee, J. C., Lee, C. F. (2009).Financial analysis, planning and forecasting: Theory and application. World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Levi, S. and Segal, B. (2015). The Impact of Debt-Equity Reporting Classifications on the Firm's Decision to Issue Hybrid Securities.European Accounting Review,24(4), pp.801-822. Penman, S.H., Reggiani, F., Richardson, S.A. and Tuna, A. (2017). A Framework for Identifying Accounting Characteristics for Asset Pricing Models, with an Evaluation of Book-To-Price. Saleem, Q. and Rehman, R.U. (2011). Impacts of liquidity ratios on profitability.Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business,1(7), pp.95-98. Salesforce. (2018).Salesforce.com. Retrieved 17 January 2018, from https://www.salesforce.com/in/?ir=1 Tracy, A. (2012).Ratio analysis fundamentals: how 17 financial ratios can allow you to analyse any business on the planet. RatioAnalysis. Net. Vogel, H.L. (2014).Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press. Warren, C. S., Jones, J. (2018).Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning. Zainudin, E.F., Zainudin, E.F., Hashim, H.A. and Hashim, H.A. (2016). Detecting fraudulent financial reporting using financial ratio.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,14(2), pp.266-

MxPx Self-Titled Album Review free essay sample

Bremerton, WA-based punk rock band MxPx has been going strong for over 25 years. Their quick, raw style of punk/pop-punk has stayed fairly consistent through the years, giving them a distinct, recognizable sound that fans have come to expect. With their tenth album, MxPx turned to crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, and received overwhelming support from fans. Judging by this success, MxPx’s self-titled tenth has been hotly anticipated. Here I’ll share my thoughts on the album and how I feel it stands up in 2018. After the first listen, one thing is clear: this album sounds like MxPx that fans have come to love. The fast power chords are here, the punchy vocals from Mike Herrera are here, and the songs are just as fun and upbeat as ever before. While songs may start to blend together towards the end, each song individually is a fun experience with a rhythm that can get stuck in your head. We will write a custom essay sample on MxPx Self-Titled Album Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of my favorite songs on the album is the third track, â€Å"Friday Tonight.† To me, it’s the catchiest song on the album and the punchy chorus really gets me pumped. Clocking in at about three and a half minutes, â€Å"Friday Tonight† is a bit longer than the typical song from MxPx. Usually, I would say that these kinds of punk songs should remain under three minutes, but somehow MxPx manages to craft this song in a way that I never got tired of it during its runtime. This speaks to the masterful songwriting and instrumentation of frontman Mike Herrera. While a few songs on this record do overstay their welcome a bit, it really is a small issue with this great album. Towards the end of this album, I found some of the songs blending together and struggling to find their own identity. This is a common issue of punk/pop-punk albums and I’ve found that this is only a minor issue on this record. While listening to MxPx, I find myself getting lost in the music and just taking in all of the energy produced by the band and especially lead vocalist Mike Herrera. The album closes with â€Å"Moments Like This,† another one of my favorite songs on this album. I mentioned that some songs towards the end struggle to find their own identity, this song is absolutely not one of those. The lyrics are the deepest on the record and obviously very personal to songwriter Mike Herrera. These personal lyrics really elevate the song and it acts as the perfect closer to this wonderful punk album. MxPx do what they do best on their self-titled tenth album release. The songs are as catchy, fun, and upbeat as ever before. Some songs may be too long and may blend into each other slightly, overall this album is very good. After 25 years and ten albums, MxPx proves that they still got it with their self-titled release that has quickly become my favorite album of theirs and one of my favorite punk albums of all time.

Breastfeeding Nutrition Research Paper

Breastfeeding Nutrition Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND The arrival of an infant surely brings incomparable joy to every family. But how they raise them will play a significant role later when infants become adults and begin to interact in the world around them. Because the family inculcates control and a sense of what is right, upon the arrival of an infant who is then considered to be a new member of the family, decisions have to be made particularly by the mother, and one of which is in terms of how to feed her infant. Any parent or caregiver would want to make sure that their infant is right on track in his physical and mental growth. It is every family’s desire to see their children grow smarter and become a top of their class. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Early childhood nutrition is thought to have important effects on education, broadly defined to include the various forms of learning. A number of previous studies have contributed to the current conventional wisdom about the impact of nutrition on education in developing countries. In the early years of the human species, breastfeeding was as common as it was for other mammals feeding their young. There were no alternative foods for the infants, and the mother, along with other lactating females, would have no choice but to breastfeed their infant. Breastfeeding is the process of a woman feeding an infant or young child with milk produced from her breast, usually directly from the nipples. On the other hand, formula feeding is an industrially produced milk product designed for infant consumption. Usually, based on either cow or soymilk, infant formula strives to duplicate the nutrient content of natural human breast milk. Besides breast milk, infant formula is the only other infant milk which the medical community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under the age of one year. Many mothers do manage to combine feeding by breast and bottle-this is sometimes known as mixed feeding. Mother’s, who return to work or know they’re going to be separated from their baby for a length of time, may choose to use a combination of breast milk and formula. Some mothers express their breast milk so their baby can continue having breast milk when they’re not together. Evidence suggests that infant feeding practices can have a significant effect in the child’s cognitive development. A study was conducted in Christ church School of Medicine in New Zealand that studied over 1,000 children and during the period from birth to 1 year, they gathered information on how these children were fed. They were then followed to age 18. Over the years, the researchers collected a range of cognitive and academic information on the children, including IQ (intelligent quotient), teacher ratings of school performance in reading and math, and results of standardized tests of reading comprehension, mathematics, and scholastic ability. The researchers also looked at the number of passing grades achieved in national school certificate examinations taken at the end of the third year of high school. The results indicated that the longer children had been breastfed, the higher they scored on such tests. (PEDIATRICS 1998) Formula fed babies, on average, have IQ’s about ten points lower than their breastfed counterparts. This is most likely related to special fatty acids and other components in breastmilk that are known to promote brain cell growth, development of vision and the nervous system. These components are absent in formula (Newman,Solveig 2000) Each chronological age has corresponding developmental tasks, both physical and psychosocial. (Murray,Atkinson 2000) Somewhere around age 7, children begin to acquire the ability to relate a series of happenings to mental representations that can be expressed both verbally and symbolically. (Whaley Wong (1993). This research is to conduct a study among grade 1 pupils to determine if there is a difference between the different infant feeding techniques on their academic performance. What stimulated the mind of the researcher in coming up with the idea of this study is thru someone who is doing well in class and a fellow classmate was wondering what type of milk her mom used to nourish her when she was still an infant. The researchers would like to seek answers based on speculations encountered from different people who were curious to know what is the appropriate feeding technique best suitable to them without compromising the essential nutritional benefit needed for their infant’s welfare. The researcher’s decision to conduct a study on the Grade 1 pupils of Columban College, considering if there’s a difference on the chosen feeding technique in their academic performance. In most countries, formal education begins between age 6 to 7 pupils are socially ready to learn in a structured setting and concrete operational thought processes begins. The concrete operation includes systematic reasons, uses memory to learn broad concepts and subgroups by concepts. School-age children can discover concrete solutions to everyday problems and recognize cause and effect relationships. The researchers chose Columban College primarily because it is a private institution where formers believe that infant feeding techniques encompass all members of society regardless of souci-economic status. Secondly, one of the researchers is an alumnus of the school hence, the cooperation of the school was easily sought and it expressed its interest to participate in study wholeheartedly. This research will promote awareness and serve as a reference to be used for future health teaching especially on the differences of the infant feeding techniques. B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to determine the difference between the different infant feeding techniques and the academic performance of currently enrolled grade 1 pupil of Columban College. Specifically, the researchers aim to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the subjects according to gender? 2. What is the type of infant feeding technique practiced by the primary caregiver of the pupil? 3. What is the difference between the different infant feeding techniques used by the primary caregiver of the pupil and the latter’s academic performance in the current academic year? C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The result of the study will be significant to the following: FAMILY This will provide awareness regarding the benefits of the various feeding practices especially in the academic performance of their children. RESEARCHERS This study can serve as a starting point which could open the door for further research regarding milk feeding. This is designed to provide learning and discussion about different infant feeding technique. Hence, provide basic tools of knowledge and experience of knowledge and experience that will enable the researcher to provide thoughtful counseling and guidance to the family. This will also serve as a reference for other researchers. NURSING PROFESSION As part of the health care team tasked to provide health teaching to pregnant mothers, this study will provide an evidence-based approach in discussing the salient points of infant feeding practices. COMMUNITY The community will be provided a baseline data for legislation purpose in support and modification of infant feeding programs. Various stakeholders of the community will be provided with information that the academic performance of a child is influenced by their different infant feeding techniques. D. HYPOTHESIS There is no significant difference between the different infant feeding techniques and academic performance. E. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS FIGURE 1 MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Maslows Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development. Maslows original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943-1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. At this time the Hierarchy of Needs model comprised five needs. This original version remains for most people the definitive Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow said that needs must be satisfied in the given order. Aims and drive always shift to next higher order need Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is an excellent model for understanding human motivation, but it is a broad concept. If you are puzzled as to how to relate given behavior to the Hierarchy it could be that your definition of the behavior needs refining. For example, where does doing things for fun fit into the model? The answer is that it cant until you define doing things for fun more accurately. Youd need to define more precisely each given situation where a person is doing things for fun in order to analyze motivation according to Maslows Hierarchy since the fun activity motive can potentially be part any of the five original Maslow needs. Understanding whether striving to achieve a particular need or aim is fun can provide a helpful basis for identifying a Maslow driver within a given behavior, and thereby to assess where a particular behavior fits into the model: Biological health, fitness, energizing mind and body, etc. Safety order, and structure needs met for example by some heavily organized, structural activity Belongingness a team sport, club family and relationships Esteem competition, achievement, recognition Self-Actualization drivers challenge, new experiences, love of art, nature, etc. However in order to relate a particular doing it for fun behavior the Hierarchy of Needs we need to consider what makes it fun (ie rewarding) for the person. If the behaviour is for fun, then consider what makes it fun for the person is the fun rooted in belongingness, or is it from recognition, ie., esteem. Or is the fun at a deeper level, from the sense of self-fulfillment, i.e .self-actualization. Apply this approach to any behavior that doesnt immediately fit the model, and it will help you to see where it does fit. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs will be a blunt instrument if used as such. The way you use the Hierarchy of Needs determines the subtlety and sophistication of the model. For example, the common broad-brush interpretation of Maslows famous theory suggests that that once a need is satisfied the person moves onto the next, and to an extent, this is entirely correct. However an overly rigid application of this interpretation will produce a rigid analysis, and people and motivation are more complex. So while it is broadly true that people move up (or down) the hierarchy, depending whats happening to them in their lives, it is also true that most peoples motivational set at any time comprises elements of all of the motivational drivers. For example, self-actualizers (level 5 original model) are mainly focused on self-actualizing but are still motivated to eat (level 1) and socialize (level 3). Similarly, homeless folk whose main focus is feeding themselves (level 1) and finding shelter for t he night (level 2) can also be, albeit to a lesser extent, still concerned with social relationships (level 3), how their friends perceive them (level 4), and even the meaning of life (level 5 original model). Like any simple model, Maslows theory not a fully responsive system its a guide which requires some interpretation and thought, given which, it remains extremely useful and applicable for understanding, explaining and handling many human behavior situations. F. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure 2. Nutrition is one of the various factors that affect learning ability and skills before and after the child is in school. Learning can be viewed as a multiple input and output process. Hence, the effects of a particular input like nutrition could vary depending on the learning outcomes measured. The framework of this study posits that the academic performance of the pupil may be explained by the feeding technique used during 0-5 months of age. Academic performance is categorized according to the final grade obtained from the school year 2005-2006 as reflected in the pupils report card as outstanding, very satisfactory, satisfactory, moderately satisfactory, and needs improvement. Infant feeding technique includes Breastfeeding, bottle-feeding. and Mixed Feeding. G. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study will focus on the following: The type of infant feeding technique practiced by the primary caregiver of the pupil. The difference between infant feeding techniques used by the primary caregiver of the pupil and the latter’s academic performance in the current academic year. Limitation of the Study One limiting factor that was faced by the researchers is their limited knowledge and skills and the resources needed in conducting the study. Since this is the first research conducted by the researchers, guidance, and help from different professionals were solicited on how to go about the entire study. Time has also become a great consideration to conduct the study in a much bigger population. The total population of grade 1 pupil in Columban College is 142 however 105 of the population were surveyed, the remaining 37 pupils were not included because some of them have dropped out earlier in the school year after the 2nd grading period and others were fetched by respondents who did not meet the criteria of being a primary caregiver when the pupils was 0-5 months old set by the researchers. Limitation of the study also includes the 0 to 5 months as the duration of their feeding because, on their 6th months, infants are usually given solid foods as complementary supplements. Delimitation of the Study The subjects had 5 academic subjects. These are Christian Living, English (Reading and Language), Filipino, Mathematics and Makabayan which includes Music, Arts, and P.E. (MAPE) and Sibika. The pupils are taught by 1 teacher each section for the entire school year. The grades in the computation of the final grade of the subjects were only from SY 2005-2006. Factors that may affect the subject’s performance such as environment, study habits, physical, emotional, psychological capabilities, socioeconomic, feeding duration, nutritional factors, the supplementary feeding received by the subject, length of time caring for the pupil, monthly family income, highest educational attainment of the respondent, brand or type of milk used in the feeding technique were considered delimitations of the study. The study is also not concerned with the composition of the different infant feeding technique. H. DEFINITION OF TERMS Infant Feeding Technique – refers to the technique of nourishing or feeding infants from 0 to 5 in months that used either breastfeeding, formula feeding or mixed feeding (combination of breastfeeding and formula feeding). Breastfeeding – refers to the feeding technique where the infant receives breast milk as a source of nourishment during 0-5 months. Formula Feeding – refers to the feeding technique that used formula milk commercially available in the market as a source of nourishment during 0-5 months. May also refer to bottle-feeding. Mixed Feeding – refers to the feeding technique that simultaneously used both breastfeeding and formula feeding as a source of nourishment during 0 to 5 months regardless of time of introduction. Academic Performance – refers to the pupil’s overall class performance for the school year 2005-2006 as reflected by the pupils’ final grade. Performance is categorized as follows: Outstanding- grades range from 94 and above Excellent –grades range from 88–93 Very satisfactory –grades range from 82-87 Satisfactory – grades range from 76-81 Poor – grades range from 70-75 Final grade – the final general average of each pupil determined by dividing the sum of his average rating in each subject by the total number of the subjects. Subjects include Christian Living, English ( reading and language) Filipino, Mathematics, Makabayan ( Music, Arts, Physical Education, And Sibika ). Measurement of achievement include quizzes, recitation, homework, project/themes, Religious involvement for CL and periodic test. Subject- refers to the currently enrolled Grade 1 pupils of Columban College for the school year 2005-2006. Primary Care giver- refers to the person/s who took care of the pupil from 0-5 months. also refers to a respondent. Duration of Feeding – refers to the period of nourishing the pupil during 0-5 months of age using different infant techniques. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Early childhood care for survival, growth, and development comprises the practices of caregivers that day by day, attentively and warmly; translate resources into survival, growth and psychosocial development of infant and children. Under UNICEF’s conceptual framework for infant and child feeding and development, six key care practices are at the center of attention: (1) care for women, (2) breastfeeding and feeding practices, (3) psychosocial care, (4) food preparation, (5) hygiene practice, (6) home health practices. Nutrition is the science or study of the appropriate diet to promote health. Good nutrition from an early age is vital for a child’s proper mental and physical development. It is known that good nutrition and rich experiences affect brain development. 40% of adult mental ability is formed in the first three years of life. (WHO 2002). Nutrition is an important aspect to the cognitive development of children. Nutrition during the early stages of a child’s life can link to performance in later years. Children are very important to our future, therefore, good nutrition is necessary for the development and growth of a child. In Kozier 2004, cognitive development refers to the manner in which people learn to think, reason, and use language. It involves a person’s intelligence, perceptual ability, and ability to process information. Cognitive development represents a progression of mental abilities from illogical to logical thinking, from simple to complex problem solving, and from understanding concrete ideas to understanding abstract concepts. The most widely known cognitive theorist is Jean Piaget. His cognitive development theory is an orderly, sequential process in which a variety of new experiences must exist before intellectual abilities can develop. Piaget’s cognitive development process is divided into five phases: sensorimotor phase (birth to 2 years), pre-conceptual phase (2-4 years), intuitive thought phase (4-7 years), concrete operation phase (7-11 years), and formal operations (11-15). BREASTFEEDING The most common reasons mothers chose breastfeeding includes benefits to the infants health, naturalness, and emotional bonding with the infant (Mc Junkin 2000). It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) that exclusive breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and health protection for the first 6 months of life, and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months is the ideal feeding pattern for infants. Increasing duration of breastfeeding was accompanied by a gradual increase in cognitive developmental benefit. (Riva,E. 1996) According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the breastfed infant is the reference against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and other outcomes. Human milk has many beneficial effects on the health of infants (including premature and low-birth-weight infants) and young children. These benefits are magnified with exclusive breastfeeding beyond 6 months of age. Human milk is uniquely superior to all other milk substitutes and is specifically tailored to meet the nutritional needs of the human infant. It has the appropriate balance of nutrients provided in easily digestible and bioavailable forms. The milk changes its composition, from colostrums for the newborn to mature milk for the older infant, to meet the nutrient needs of the growing infant. It provides generous amounts of carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, medium-chain triglycerides, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cholester ol. The relatively low protein content presents a relatively modest nitrogen load to the immature kidney. Breastfeeding also has been linked with enhancement of cognitive development, with some studies showing evidence that these cognitive developmental benefits increased with the duration of breastfeeding and extended through the school-age years. According to loopholes, breastfeeding provides with the best possible food is particularly important for brain development. Current research, in food, insists that the brain is as important as weight gain, if not more so. The brain grows extremely rapidly during the 1st month of life. Only breast milk can provide the perfectly adopted food required for such growth. In addition, breast milk protects the infant against infection, not only because of its antibodies and â€Å"antibiotic properties†. (Sara Porter, 1982) Exclusively breastfeeding is the safe, sound and sustainable way to feed an infant for the first six months of life. But breastfeeding is important for more than six months. Experts now agree that breast milk can provide all that a baby normally needs for the first six months and no extra drinks or feeds are needed during this period. Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk, from his or her mother or a wet nurse or expressed breast milk and no other foods or drinks. (WHO 2002) Easy to digest and absorb human milk best meets an infant meets. The literature reports that human milk enhances motor and cognitive development and reduces infant morbidity, mortality, and the incidence of chronic diseases. Studies have shown that breastfed children perform better on tests of intellectual development than do formula-fed children and the benefits may extend into adulthood. Although more research is needed, the link between breastfeeding to a long chain fatty acids found in breast milk, which promote nervous system growth, brain development, and visual acuity. (JEANNETTE CRENSHAW2005). Williams and Jellife mentioned in their work that breast milk is the most valuable, the cheapest but the most neglected source of protein in the whole of the art and science of nutrition. Breastfeeding, or lactation, is the ideal method of feeding and nurturing infants. The Bellagio Child Survival Study Group identified breastfeeding in the first year as one of the most important strategies for improving child survival Internationally, the World Health Organization recommends that breastfeeding is continued up to 2 years of age or beyond, with appropriate supplementation of solid foods. Breastfeeding involves primary, and to a lesser extent, secondary prevention of acute and chronic diseases. Human milk is uniquely superior to all other milk substitutes and is specifically tailored to meet the nutritional needs of the human infant. It has the appropriate balance of nutrients provided in easily digestible and bioavailable forms According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, the breastfed infant is the reference against which all alternative feeding methods must be measured with regard to growth, health, development, and other outcomes. WHO mentioned that human milk has many beneficial effects on the health of infants (including premature and low-birth-weight infants) and young children. These benefits are magnified with exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding beyond 6 months of age Studies conducted by the Workgroup on breastfeeding science and society stated the benefits of breastfeeding have been criticized for methodological and analytical flaws including lack of control for confounding factors, poorly designed tools, the varying definition of breastfeeding, and researcher bias. However, professional health organizations stand behind their recommendations for promoting breastfeeding as the optimal food for human infants. Formula Feeding/ Bottle Feeding If breastmilk is not available. or you have opted to mix or bottlefeed your baby, one will have to start by selecting a formula. Bottles have the advantage of being familiar, socially acceptable and less time to consume than the other methods. When the mother’s condition is contraindicated to breastfeeding or simply chose not to breastfeed, they opt to commercial formulas. Pilliteri (2004) mentioned that women should use of commercial formulas because they closely mimic human milk. Infant formula remains an infant feeding option. The baby bottle has become a very visible part of Western culture, and increasingly, of other developed and developing nations. This ubiquitous image leads many people to believe that bottles and infant formula are necessary to parenting an infant, regardless of the fact that in most cases they are not. Infant formula is an industrially produced milk product designed for infant consumption. Usually, based on either cow or soy milk, infant formula strives to duplicate the nutrient content of natural human breast milk. Since the exact chemical properties of breast milk are still unknown, formula is necessarily an imperfect approximation. Its use, particularly in the third world, is somewhat contentious. Besides breast milk, infant formula is the only other infant milk which the medical community considers nutritionally acceptable for infants under the age of one year. Cows milk is not recommended because of its high protein and electrolyte (salt) content which may put a strain on an infants immature kidneys. Evaporated milk, although perhaps easier to digest due to the processing of the protein, is still nutritionally inadequate.(Wikipedia) Although infant formula cannot replicate all the qualities of breast-milk, it is the only safe alternative. If infant formula is not available, mothers may have to use inappropriate and potentially dangerous foods, such as gruel, or unmodified animal milk, to feed their babies. In contrast, infant formula products are manufactured using strict rules of hygiene and formulated according to recognized, international standards based on expert medical and nutritional opinion. (babymilk.com) To be fair, formula companies have produced milk for babies which, at least on paper, seem to resemble the real thing. The formula is definitely better than it used to be. But on close inspection, what the factories make doesnt quite measure up to what mom makes. It is nearly impossible for artificial baby milk manufacturers to make milk with nutrients even close to what mothers bodies can make. And these companies primary goal is to make a profit, so marketing and manufacturing issues influence what finally gets into the can. One of our concerns is that even though formula-fed infants appear to grow normally, are they really thriving? Thriving means more than just getting bigger. It means developing to the childs fullest physical, emotional, and intellectual potential. We just dont know about all the long-term effects of tampering with Mother Nature – though we do know that there are significant health differences between formula-fed and breastfed infants. Formulas are nothing more than a collection of dead nutrients. They do not contain living white cells, digestive enzymes, or immune factors. In terms of human history, they are a new experiment. MIXED FEEDING When an infant is partly breastfed and in part artificially, it can be said that he is mixed fed. This type of feeding is used as an alternative to mothers who could not exclusively breastfeed their infants. Part of the infant feeding comes from commercial formula milk. You can choose to continue giving your baby exclusively breast milk or introduce formula milk. If you want to mix breast and bottle, but do not want to use formula milk, you can express some of your own milk, which can then be given to your baby in a bottle by the father, another member of the family or a childminder. In this way, you will still ensure that your baby is only receiving breast milk. Or you may decide to feed your baby yourself when you are there and get his or her care to give him formula when you are away. The general advice is to not offer a breastfed baby a bottle before four weeks of age. This may lead to nipple confusion, which can quickly lead to the end of breastfeeding. During the first three to four weeks your baby will be learning and perfecting breastfeeding skills. Whilst introducing the bottle at one or two weeks of age may ensure that baby accepts the bottle later, you are taking a risk. Some babies easily go back and forth between breast and bottle, but many others do not. Getting a baby to accept a bottle at age two or three months may take some patience, but most babies will catch on after a few tries. Feeding on a bottle uses a different technique to feeding on the breast, and you may find that your baby takes a little time to get used to it. In fact, some babies seem to be determined that they will never get used to it, and moving to mixed feeding can become distressed and worrying event. A child’s intellectual development, which is to a degree nutritionally determined, is believed to be manifest eventually in his productivity and wages, primarily through mental development and school achievement (Selowsky, 1976, Taylor and Selowsky, 1973; Groosman and Edwards, 1977.) The examination has always been considered as an extremely important part of the educative process. It has been considered the examination trends to developmental powers which are use in everyday life. Academic performance aim to measure the pupils’ achievement as a result of instruction in a given subject. It shares the limitations with respect to outcomes that can not be measured like interest, appreciation, ability to think critically. FOREIGN STUDIES Researchers refer to a brain-growth spurt in infants when brain growth and development occurs most rapidly. The book Scientific Foundations of Pediatrics notes that the brain-growth spurt occurs after birth, and the function of neural tissues depends on the effective connections established between neurons and the structural integrity of each neuron. It adds that this period commences during the third trimester of pregnancy and lasts until about the child is 30 months of age. It is also during this time when nutritional deficiencies may threaten brain development that may, later on, show up as intellectual and cognitive impairment. In a study of 1,025 schoolchildren, Horwood and colleagues reported that breastfed children had LCPUFA’s in their diet (courtesy of breast milk) and had higher mean score on tests of cognitive ability, performed better on standardized tests of reading and math, and had higher levels of achievement in examinations as opposed to children who were weaned on diets lacking LCPUFA’s. Horwood also suggested that it was likely the increases reflected the effects of LCPUFA’s particularly DHA on early neurodevelopment. DHA is also important in visual development as it serves as a structural component of ocular neural tissues aside from being essential in myelination as it serves as an essential element in the myelin sheath. Rodgers B., et. al., also conducted a study on breastfeeding on 1978 entitled â€Å"Feeding in Infancy and Later Ability and Attainment’. Result of the study showed that these who were breastfed had higher levels of mental capacity than those bottle-fed with breast milk substitute. That said study involved over a thousand breastfed and over a thousand bottlefed whom were followed up until the age of 8 years. In Chicago, breastfed babies may grow up to be smarter adults, according to research that bolster the evidence linking nursing and intelligence. Most previous studies did measure breastfeeding’s effects on IQ into adulthood, and the few that did so ignored factors such as parents education and social status, said the researches, who took such as variables into account. In their study of 3,258 Danish men and women, the more babies were breastfed through nine months of age, the higher they scored on intelligence tests in their late teens and 20’s. Breastfeeding past nine months had no additional effect scores. The link can probably be explained by the effect of nutrients in mothers milk on the developing brain and benefits from physical and physiological relationship breastfeeding involves, researchers said mothers who takes time to breastfeed may spend more time interacting with youngster throughout childhood, which also could affect intelligence, the researchers added. In the study, mothers had been questioned about their breastfeeding practices when their youngsters were a year old. Those who had been breastfed for seven to nine months scored an average of about six points higher on IQ tests that those whose mothers said they nursed for less than one month. The gap â€Å"is not the difference between an Einstein and a mentally retarded child†, said study director June Manhover Reinisch. But she said it could be the difference â€Å"between normal and bright normal, or bright-normal and superior†. (TannerLindsey, 2002) It was also stressed in the research that the doctors who conducted the study believed that something intrinsic to breast milk faccounts for the IQ differences of the breastfed and bottle-fed babies. In all the IQ list which include verbal state, performance scale, and over all IQ, an 8.3 point advantages was seen among breastfed babies. According to an article written by Dr. Alicia Dermer and Dr. Anne Montgomery entitled â€Å"Breastfeeding: Good for Babies, Mothers and the Planet†, more and more research shows that breastfeeding leads to optimal brain development. They featured a study wherein the subjects were premature tubic-fed babies. Results showed that babies who received no breast milk had IQ eight points lower on average than the babies who received breast milk. This may be due to the special ingredients of breastmilk which are DHA (docosohexaenic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid) which contribute to brain and retinal development. Another study which was featured in Pediatrics Vol. 101 no 1 dated Jan. 1998 suggested that breast milk makes kids brighter. The study entitled â€Å"Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic Outcomes† by Prof. David M. Fergusson and L. John Horwood of Christ Church School of Medicine, New Zealand revealed that in an 18 year longitudinal study of over 1.000 children, those who were breast fed as infants had both better intelligence and greater academic achievement than those who were infant formula fed children. Breastfeeding also has been linked with enhancement of cognitive development, with some studies showing evidence that these cognitive developmental benefits increased with the duration of breastfeeding and extended through the school-age years ( Horwood LJ, Fergusson DM. Breastfeeding and later cognitive and academic outcomes. Pediatrics. 1998;101:E9. LOCAL STUDIES According to Corazon M. Cerdaà ±a (2000) at the start of the new milleneum, Year 2001, the Food and Nutrition Research and Institute (FNRI), Department Science conducted the latest update on the nutritional status of Filipino children and technology (DOST) in pursuit of the Institute’s mandates of monitoring the nutritional status of the Filipino citizenry. The nationwide survey covered the total of 12,425 children aged 0-10 years, comprised of 10,634 preschool-age children (0-5 years) and 1,791 school-age children (6-10 years). A two-stage sampling design with the barangays and the children as the primary and secondary sampling units, respectively, was employed. Weight and height/recumbent length measurements were taken from the subjects using standard techniques and compared with the WHO/NCHS international standards to asses nutritional status. Findings of the survey revealed that among the preschool-age children, underweight prevalence was 30.6%, underweight were 31.4%, and prevalence of thinness was 6.3%. Among the school-age children, a higher proportion of 32.9%, 41.1%, 6.5%, prevalence of underweight, underweight, thinness, respectively were shown. Compared with the survey done in 1998, prevalence of underweight and under height among 0-5 year old children generally decreased but thinness and overweight prevalence increased. However, among the 6-10 year-old children, there was a general increase in the prevalence rates of underweight, under height and overweight. Disaggregating by single age, the highest prevalence rate of all forms of malnutrition remained among the younger group of 1-2 year-old preschoolers. The prevalence of malnutrition between the preschool-age boys and girls did not differ much. However, among the school-age children, the boys were more at risk at all the three forms of malnutrition than the girl s. Considering the prevalence of malnutrition by region, Bicol region appeared to be the worst of in the underweight prevalence, in the ARMM for under height, in the Cagayan Valley for thinness. Cecilia A. Florencio’s (2001) study was concerned with the determinants of school-related behavior, in particular in the relationship between health and nutritional status and academic performance. The objective of the study relate to (1) nature, magnitude and distribution of health and nutritional problems of school children; (2) relationship between nutritional status and academic performance; (3) and effects on academic achievement of non-nutritional variables, specifically those recommended in the 1976 project SOUTEL Report. Some 2,304 pupils who were randomly selected from 64 schools in Region I, IV and National Capital Region in Luzon, Region VII in the Visayas and Region XII in Mindanao participated in the study. The others respondents were the pupil’s parents, teachers and school heads. Nutritional assessment was made using anthropometric, biochemical and clinical methods. The children’s mental ability and academic performance were gauged using local stan dardized tests recommended by the DECS. In general, the academic performance of the pupils was far from satisfactory, which mean test scores in various subjects not exceeding 50% of the total number of test items. Those in the lower grades did better than those in the upper grades. The significant positive relationship between the nutritional status in academic achievement remained even when relevant pupil factors, such as mental ability, visual ability, study habits and pre-school education were held constant. Moreover, even after taking into account the influence of a full set of relevant pupil, teacher, school and family related factors, the observed relationship between the two variables still surfaced. The superiority of breast milk over the commercially available infant milk preparations has been proven in many local as well as foreign literatures. These studies have shown that breastfed children more nourishes that bottle-fed Dr. Fe del Mundo in 1974 had shown s decline among Filipino infants of whom only 23% were breastfed, 60% were bottle-fed and 17% mixed fed in contrast to the study of Bulatao-jaime in 1965 where 62.1% of babies in Metro Manila were breastfed. Valdecanas, et al in 1981 cited the lack of determination to breastfed as the limiting condition that pushes potentially lactators to bottle-feed. (The Filipino Family Physician 1985) SYNTHESIS Family is the smallest unit of the society. The basic of its kind is composed of the mother, the father, and the child who is considered to be the treasure of the family. From conception to birth, everything is well provided in bringing up a good and bright child. Any infant arrival in the family is the most memorable and blissful moment a parent could ever experience. No amount of any tangible things can compare with the joy of having a child. It is within the family that determines how a child would be when he becomes an adult. Through the parents influence in particular with the mother, she delivers the most significant impact on the child’s nutrition, attitude, physical and mental growth. The brain develops through out infancy and childhood and gives rise to cognitive abilities that are multi dimensional and hierarchical. Abilities such as attention capacities and sped of processing appears to underlie other abilities such as learning, memory and executive function. Many of these abilities form what is known as intelligence and can be manifest in readily observable outcomes such as academic achievements. There are many test that adequately assess disabilities and of these the test reviewed in these paper are pertinent test of the cognitive abilities that develop during childhood, show variability in performance without ceiling or floor effects in normal population, withstand repeated administration overtime, maybe sensitive to detect nutritional effects, require few cross cultural modification and are attracted to children. With these concept the present study was carried out to determine how infant feeding affects the child’s mental ability and physical growth. Chapter III METHODOLOGY Research Method This chapter contains the Population and Sampling, Research Instruments, Research Locale, Validation of the Instrument, Data Gathering and Procedure, and, Statistical Treatment of Data. Retrospective and Comparative research design was utilized in this study. Population and Sampling 142 currently enrolled Grade 1 pupils in Columban College for the school year 2005-2006 , 105 pupils were utilized in this study. After verifying from the school registrar, the school principal provided the list of the total number of Grade 1 students for the year 2005-2006. The researcher used the simple random sampling to determine the respondents for the study. Research Instrument The study conducted in Columban College, Olongapo City. Demographic data on the name, relationship of the respondent to the subject, and the duration in caring for the pupil were gathered from the respondents. And the demographic data on the gender of the subjects were also recorded to serve as profile. The academic performance of Grade 1 pupils was based and evaluated from their final grade. The list of students was provided by the school principal. It is arranged alphabetically and separated according to sections. Other information pertaining to the type of feeding technique used was obtained through questionnaires provided by the researchers and was answered by the respondents. Research Locale The researchers conducted this study at Columban College, Olongapo City. Columban College which was under the management of the Columban Fathers and Sisters started to serve the people of the Olongapo City on the school year 1961-1962. Knowing the Catholic education was one of the primary needs of the community and that the elementary school is the base upon which all education rests, the elementary department was opened. But because the college was under staff and still in its budding period, the elementary department on school year 1961 to 1963, was under the supervision of its sister institution the St. Joseph School. In the opening of the school year 1963-64, with Sis. Mary Mechtilde, and six faculty members to start with, the elementary department separated from St Joseph School. It had then the population of 557 pupils of which 66 pupils graduated from kindergarten and 38 in grade six. Teachers hold classes in Quonset houses while a 2 storey edifice was being built. On the later part of 1966, a 4 storey building with 28 rooms was built and by 1967 the first three rooms of each storey were utilized.By the end of the school year the 4 storey edifice was completed and was utilized for classrooms on the beginning of school year 1969-70 In 1987, the administration of the college was handed by Bishop Henry Byrne, D.D. to the Vincentian Fathers headed by Rev. Fr. Constancio Gan, C.M. as Director and Rev. Fr. Justo Moro, C.M. as Treasurer. Within a short span of time, the new administrators made several substantial improvements on the physical set-up in the main campus and started new constructions of buildings in Barretto which branched out the elementary school department. Behind this progress was the adaption of new policies and guidelines while struggling to keep the whole college financially afloat in the midst of prevailing economic crisis. Columban College is committed to sound, complete and Christian education. Its goal is the integral formation of a human formation with a profound faith in God., his fellowman and himself, who can develop harmoniously his physical, moral and intellectual talents, acquire a more perfect sense of responsibility and a correct use of freedom, and be educated for active participation in social life as stated in the Mission Statement for all Catholic Schools in the Diocese of Iba. Validation of Instrument The validation of instrument was done in this study. The researchers approached 3 persons in the field of education, medicine and psychology that signed and validated the research instrument. Upon hearing the reasons and purpose of this study, their signature was obtained. Data Gathering and Procedure A written letter prepared by the researchers and signed by the research adviser and college Dean was secured first. The steps that are followed to collects data include the submission of letter to the Principal of Columban College seeking permission to conduct the study. Upon approval from the principal the letter was presented and the purpose of the questionnaire was explained to the grade 1 class advisers and to the respondents. The researchers distributed the questionnaires to the respondents. The questionnaires answered by the respondents were collected by the researchers. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA Statistics are used to analyzed and evaluate gathered data. The following statistical instruments were applied to get the desired analysis PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION This is a section where in tallied frequency will be changed into a percentage value. A percentage distribution is used to combine the result of certain groups of unequal size or proportion. The formula is as follows: Percentage % = # of respondents per category Total # of respondents CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA The chapter presents the data gathered by the researcher in accordance with the specific problems posed in the study. It discusses the result of each statistical treatment applied in the analysis and interpretation of data gathered. This chapter is divided into three parts, namely: Part I, Demographic Profile of the subjects, Part II, Different Infant Feeding Techniques used, Part III, the result of the test on the comparison between the different infant feeding techniques. PART I Demographic Profile of Grade 1 pupils in Columban College During the school year 2005- 2006. The population group of the study was composed of 73 percent of Grade 1 pupils from Columban College Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College according to gender. Gender Frequency (f) Percentage (%) Male 50 48% Female 55 52% Total 105 100% Figure 3 Graphical Representations of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College according to gender. Interpretation: Table 1 and figure 3 show the frequency and percentage distribution of the sample according to gender. Males account for 50 which is 48 % while females account for 55 which is 52 %. Analysis: Majority of the subjects were female. Part II Different Infant Feeding Techniques used Table 2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Different Infant Feeding Techniques Used Infant Feeding Techniques Frequency (f) Percentage (%) Breastfeeding 34 32.38 % Bottle Feeding 35 33.33 % Mixed Feeding 36 34.29 % Total 105 100 % Figure 4 Graphical Representation of the Different Infant Feeding Techniques Used Interpretation: The above table 2 and figure 4 shows that mixed feeding rank first among the feeding technique practice by primary caregivers with a total number of 36 (34.29%), followed by bottle feeding with a total number of 35 (33.33%), and ranked third is breastfeeding with a total number of 34 (32.38%). Analysis: Due to the busy schedule of mothers nowadays, helping their husband earn and income or taking care of their other children and sometimes doing the household chores, mothers tend to cut short breastfeeding their infants and resort in the next best alternative source of infant nutrition which is formula milk. By doing so the infant will have two source of nutrition which is a combination of breastfeeding and bottle feeding. CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the result of the study. Presented are the conclusions drawn in the light of the findings of the study, as well as, the recommendation. A. Summary of Findings The study aims to assess the different infant feeding techniques in comparison to the academic performance of Grade 1 pupils in Columban College during the school year 2005 -2006. Specifically it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College according to gender? 2. What is the type of infant feeding techniques practiced by the primary caregiver of the pupil? 3. What is the difference among the different infant feeding techniques used by the primary caregiver of the pupil and the latter’s academic performance in the current academic year? This comparative study uses retrospective and a survey questionnaire approach personally conducted by the primary caregiver on a one on one basis.The study involved 105 grade 1 pupils enrolled in Columban College during the school year 2005-2006 which is 74% of the total grade 1 population which is 105. The Kruskal-Wallis was employed to prove or disapprove the hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the different infant feeding technique and the academic performance of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College. Findings The following are the findings of the study, the majority of the subjects were: a) According to Gender Female = 52% b) Infant feeding used Mixed Feeding = 34.29% B. Conclusion Based on the data gathered, the study disclosed the following conclusions: 1) The study revealed that majority or 52% of 105 Grade 1 pupils in Columban College during the school year 2005-2006 are female. 2) The majority or 34.29% of the primary caregiver of Grade 1 pupils in Columban College during the school year 2005-2006 used mixed feeding technique. 3) The result of the test on the difference between the infant feeding techniques and academic performance revealed that the feeding techniques did not significantly affect the academic performance of Grade 1 pupils of Columban College. C. Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are forwarded: 1. Future Researchers, Professionals, and Health Care Groups who would like to continue and adopt this study should conduct it in a bigger population and to add the different variables that could affect the academic performance of the pupils. 2. If a bigger population would be adopted, a longer time frame to conduct similar study is needed. 3. Parents and Teachers must coordinate with each other to help and improve the child’s academic capacity. 4. Although â€Å"breast milk† is still the best for babies, future parents are given the option to make wise decisions regarding what is the best source of infant nutrition for their children that would currently fit their economic status, and lifestyle. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Del Mundo , Fe. (1985). Manual on Infant Nutrition with Emphasis and Breasfeeding for Philippines Medical Colleges. Philippines; Nutrition Center of the Philippines Kozier, Barbara.(2004). Fundamentals of Nursing. 7th edition: Pearson Education South Asia PTE LTD. Lazaro, Cynthia, M.D.(1985). The evidence of breastfeeding and brain development: The Filipino Family Physician, Rodgers, B. (1996). Nutrition throughout the Life Cycle. 3rd edition. U.S.A.: Mosby Year Book, Inc. Journals Pediatrics Breast milk makes kids brighter, study suggests. New Zealand: January 1998 Florencio, Cecilia A. Child, School, Home: â€Å"Determinants of Academic Performance.† Edukasyon A Quarterly Monograph Series of the UP Education Reach Program (ERP), Vol.1 No.2. April-June 1995 Mercado, Belinda, The Relationship Between Selected and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors to the Academic Performance and Scholastic Ability of Grades IV and V Pupil AUF, S.Y. 1991-1992., Philippines:1992. Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. Child Survival V: Knowledge into action for child survival. Lancet. 2003;362:323-327. World Health Organization. Community-based strategies for breastfeeding promotion and support in developing countries, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003. Workgroup on Breastfeeding Science and Society. Breastfeeding: Science and Society, Vatican City, Italy: Pontificia Acemica Sientiarum; 1996. World Health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003. American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 1997;100:1035-1039. Website babymilk.com/infants/feeding_options http:/www.askbaby.com/topic/mixed-feeding.html wikepedia.com Research Papers on Breastfeeding Standardized TestingEnzymes Proteins Amino AcidsChildhood Obesity EssayWho has Impacted Your Life the Most EssayYear Round SchoolingThe Broken FamilyPlastic Surgery EssayBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett